Географическое положение байкала: Описание озера Байкал. Географическое положение, размеры, глубины

География Байкала, географическое положение и параметры озера | ИРКИПЕДИЯ

Байкал расположен почти в центре Азии в пределах 51°29′– 55°46′ с. ш. и 103°43′–109°58′ в. д. Длина озера 636 км, максимальная ширина 81 км, длина береговой линии около 2000 км. Площадь 31 500 км². По площади Байкал занимает 7-е место среди озер мира после Каспия, Виктории, Танганьики, Гурона, Мичигана и Верхнего. Байкал самое глубокое в мире озеро – 1637 м, его средняя глубина равна 730 м.

Карта-схема Байкальской котловины

Помимо этих общепринятых параметров озера имеются и другие. Так, согласно данным батиметрической электронной карты оз. Байкал, составленной международным коллективом авторов¹, имеются некоторые отличия морфометрических характеристик озера. По объему водной массы (23 000 км³) Байкал занимает 1-е место среди пресных озер мира, вмещая 20% мировых и 80% запасов вод России. Воды в Байкале больше, чем во всех вместе взятых Великих американских озерах.

Если предположить, что в озеро прекратилось поступление воды за счет притоков, то река, равная водоносности Ангаре, стала бы вытекать из Байкала 383 года, а для наполнения чаши Байкала всеми реками земного шара потребовалось бы свыше полугода (около 200 дней). Уровень озера после зарегулирования его Иркутским водохранилищем поддерживается на отметках 456– 457 м н. у. м. В Байкал впадает 336 рек (по И. Д. Черскому) и вытекает одна Ангара. Площадь водосборного бассейна составляет 588 тыс. км², причем 53 % ее приходится на территорию России и 47 % – на Монголию.

Источник: Байкаловедение : учеб. пособие / Н. С. Беркин, А. А. Макаров, О. Т. Русинек. – Иркутск : Изд-во Ирк. гос. ун-та, 2009.

Паспорт Байкала

Геологический возраст Байкала:

Предрифтовый (предбайкальский) этап (мел – поздний эоцен) – 70–25 млн. лет

Рифтовый этап – 25 млн. лет до современности.

Координаты Байкала: 51°29’ – 55°46’ с.ш. и 103°43’ – 109°56’ в.д.

Площадь озера – 31 570 км²

Площадь водосборного бассейна – 588 092 км²,

в том числе:

в России – 53,6%

в Монголии – 46,4%

Длина озера – 636 км

Наибольшая ширина (п. Усть-Баргузин – п. Онгурен) – 79,5 км

Наименьшая ширина (дельта р. Селенги – Бугульдейка) – 25 км

Длина береговой линии – 2100 км

Глубина максимальная – 1637 м

Глубина средняя – 758 м

Объем воды – 23000 км³

Дно озера относительно уровня моря – 1183 м

Толщина донных отложений (по геофизическим данным):

Южный Байкал – 700 м

дельта р. Селенги – 8500 м

Северный Байкал – 4500 м

Скорость накопления осадков – 0,42 мм/100 лет

Толщина земной коры:

под Сибирской платформой – 36–42 км

под горными хребтами Прибайкалья – 45–55 км

Наименьшая толщина до подошвы коры в центре Байкальской впадины – 34 км

Утонение земной коры под Байкальским рифтом – 3–7 км

Наибольшая высота хребтов, окружающих озеро Байкал (Баргузинский хребет) – 2 840 м

Амплитуда рифтовой щели (между наибольшей высотой хребтов и фундаментом впа-

дины Байкала) – 12 977 (наибольшая глубина океана (Марианская впадина в Тихом

океане) – 11 022 м)

Величина вертикального смещения дорифтовых толщ по разломам вдоль берегов:

Для Южного бассейна – 8–8,5 км, для Центрального бассейна – 9 км, для Северного

бассейна – 5–5,5 км

Амплитуды горизонтальных смещений толщ (раздвиг), окружающих Байкал – до 100–150 км

Скорость (наблюдаемая) тектонического расхождения берегов Байкала – 0,7–2 см/год

Прозрачность (диск Секки) – до 40 м

Средний уровень воды по Тихоокеанской отметке после зарегулирования стока – 456,41 м

Средний уровень воды до зарегулирования стока – 455,67 м

Средняя амплитуда внутригодовых изменений уровня воды:

после зарегулирования стока – 0,94 м

до зарегулирования стока – 0,82 м

Время минимального уровня в годовом цикле:

после зарегулирования стока – май

до зарегулирования стока – апрель

Время максимального уровня в годовом цикле:

после зарегулирования стока – октябрь

до зарегулирования стока – сентябрь

Температура поверхности воды:

в открытом пространстве – от 0°С (декабрь–январь) до +14–15°С (август)

в заливах и сорах – от 0°С до +23–24°С

Температура воды в слое 0–50 м (Южный Байкал) – +3,8–6,5°С

Температура воды на глубине более 50 м – +3,5°С

Численность эпишуры в слое 0–50 м (Южный Байкал) – 310–1000 тыс. экз./м²

Среднегодовая биомасса эпишуры в слое 0–50 м (Южный Байкал) – 5,2–11 г/м²

Среднегодовая температура воздуха:

Южный Байкал – –0,7°С

Средний Байкал – –1,6°С

Северный Байкал – –3,6°С

Дата замерзания (полностью) – 14.12.1877 – 06.02.1959

Cредняя дата – 8–10 января

Дата вскрытия (полностью) – 17.04.1923–26.05.1879

Средняя дата – 4–6 мая

Источник: Байкал: природа и люди : энциклопедический справочник / Байкальский институт природопользования СО РАН ; [отв. ред. чл.-корр. А. К. Тулохонов] – Улан-Удэ : ЭКОС : Издательство БНЦ СО РАН, 2009. – 608 с.: цв. ил.

Литература

1. Атлас Байкала // под ред. Г.И. Галазия. М.: Федеральная служба по геодезии и картографии России (ФСГ и КР СО РАН), 1993. — 160 с. Атлас Байкала. — М.: Изд. ГУГК, 1995.
2. Викулов В. Е. Режим особого природопользования (опыт организации на территории бассейна озера Байкал): дис. . док. геогр. наук / В.Е. Викулов. -Улан-Удэ, 1983.
3. Государственное управление природными ресурсами Байкальского региона. — М.: Изд-во НИА Природа, 1999. — 244 с.
4. Грушко Я.М. По Байкалу: путеводитель / Я.М. Грушко. Иркутск, 1967. -252 с.
5. Кожов М.М. Байкал и его жизнь / М.М. Кожов. Иркутск: Вост.-Сиб. кн. изд-во, 1963.
6. Логачев Н.А. Рельеф и геоморфологическое районирование.- В кн.: Прибайкалье и Забайкалье/ Серия: Истрия развития рельефа Сибири и Дальнего Востока.- М.: Наука, 1974.-
7. Айнбунд М.М. Течения и внутренний водообмен в озере Байкал Текст. / М.М. Айнбунд. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 19888. — 247 с.
8. Козин А.З. Геолого-географическое описание Байкала Электронный ресурс. / А.З. Козин. 
9. Вотинцев К.К. Гидрохимия озера Байкал. // М.: Изд. АН СССР, 1961. — с. 311.
10. Графов С. В., Колотило Л. Г., Поташко А. Е. Лоция озера Байкал. Адмиралтейский № 1007. — СПб.: ГУНиО, 1993.
11. Гусев О. К., Устинов С. К. По северному Байкалу и Прибайкалью / Фотоиллюстрации О. Гусева, В. Ломакина, М. Минеева, Л. Тюлиной. — М.: Физкультура и спорт, 1966. — 104 с. — (По родным просторам). — 17 000 экз.
12. Гусев О. К. Вокруг Байкала. Фотоальбом. — М.: Советская Россия, 1979. — 240 с.
13. Гусев О. К. Священный Байкал. Заповедные земли Байкала. — М.: Агропромиздат, 1986. — 184 с.

Ссылки

1. Озеро Байкал инфо // сайт о Байкале
2. Природа Байкала
3. О Байкале и не только
4. Greenpeace Russia Baikal Campaign
5. Объект Всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО «Озеро Байкал» // Фонд «Охрана природного наследия»

Примечания

1.  Батиметрическая электронная карта озера Байкал / П. П. Шерстянкин [и др.] // Докл. Академии наук. – 2006. – Т. 408, № 1. – С. 102–107.

90000 Lake Baikal | Location, Depth, Map, & Facts 90001 90002 90003 Lake Baikal 90004, Russian 90003 Ozero Baykal 90004, also spelled 90003 Ozero Bajkal 90004, lake located in the southern part of eastern Siberia within the republic of Buryatia and Irkutsk 90009 oblast 90010 (province) of Russia. It is the oldest existing freshwater lake on Earth (20 million-25 million years old), as well as the deepest continental body of water, having a maximum depth of 5,315 feet (1,620 metres). Its area is some 12,200 square miles (31,500 square km), with a length of 395 miles (636 km) and an average width of 30 miles (48 km).It is also the world’s largest freshwater lake by volume, containing about one-fifth of the fresh water on Earth’s surface, some 5,500 cubic miles (23,000 cubic km). Into Lake Baikal flow more than 330 rivers and streams, the largest of which include the Selenga, Barguzin, Upper (Verkhnyaya) Angara, Chikoy, and Uda. 90011 Lake Baikal. 90012 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 90013 90002 Britannica Quiz 90011 90002 Passport to Europe 90011 90002 What is the largest lake in Europe? 90011 90002 Baikal lies in a deep structural hollow surrounded by mountains, some of which rise more than 6,600 feet (2,000 metres) above the lake’s surface.The sedimentary strata on the floor of the lake may be as much as 20,000 feet (6,100 metres) thick. Breaks in Earth’s crust produce hot mineral springs in the area. There are occasional severe earthquakes; in 1862 a quake inundated about 77 square miles (200 square km) in the northern Selenga delta, creating a new bay in Baikal known as Proval Bay. 90011 Ice-clad Lake Baikal and its only outlet, the Angara River, at Irkutsk, Russia. 90012 Hulton Archive / Getty Images 90013 90002 The lake hollow is not symmetrical, having steep slopes on the western shores and gentler slopes on the eastern.The meandering shoreline runs for some 1,300 miles (2,100 km), with large indentations at the bays of Barguzin, Chivyrkuysky, and Proval and at Ayaya and Frolikha inlets; the Svyatoy Nos Peninsula juts out into the lake from the eastern shore. Baikal contains some 45 islets and islands, the largest of which are Olkhon (about 270 square miles [700 square km]) and Bolshoy (Great) Ushkany (3.6 square miles [9.4 square km]). The influx of water into the lake is primarily from rivers, chiefly the Selenga.The only outflow is through the Angara River, a tributary of the Yenisey. 90011 Harbour of Bolshiye Koty on Lake Baikal, southeastern Siberia. 90012 © Richard Kirby / Oxford Scientific Films Ltd. 90013 90002 Baikal’s climate is much milder than that of the surrounding territory. Winter air temperatures average -6 ° F (-21 ° C), and August temperatures average 52 ° F (11 ° C). The lake surface freezes in January and thaws in May or June. The water temperature at the surface in August is between 50 and 54 ° F (10 and 12 ° C) and reaches 68 ° F (20 ° C) in the offshore shallows.Waves can be as high as 15 feet (4.6 metres). The water is very clear; from the surface one can see to 130 feet (40 metres). Its salinity is low, and it contains few minerals. 90011 Get exclusive access to content from our тисяча сімсот шістьдесят вісім First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today 90030 90031 90003 Lake Baikal’s unexpected tenant 90004 Learn about the Baikal seal, the only true freshwater seal in the world, in this video. 90012 Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz 90013 See all videos for this article 90036 90037 90031 90003 Visit Lake Baikal’s diverse and fecund freshwater ecosystem hosting the endemic Baikal seal 90004 Overview of Lake Baikal in Siberia, Russia, the deepest and oldest lake in the world .90012 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 90013 See all videos for this article 90036 90044 90002 Plant and animal life in the lake is rich and various. There are between 1,500 and 1,800 animal species at different depths, and hundreds of plant species live on or near the surface. The majority of the species are endemic to Baikal. There are some 50 species of fish, belonging to seven families; the most numerous of these are the 25 species of gobies. The omul salmon is heavily fished; also important are the grayling, lake whitefish, and sturgeon.Unique to the lake is a fish called the golomyanka, of the family Comephoridae, which gives birth to live young. The one mammal species is the Baikal seal, or nerpa (90009 Phoca sibirica 90010). There are more than 320 bird species in the Baikal area. 90011 90003 Baikal seals 90004 Baikal seals (90009 Phoca sibirica 90010), endemic to Lake Baikal, southeastern Siberia, Russia. 90012 © Doug Allan / Oxford Scientific Films Ltd. 90013 90002 Industries along the shores of Baikal include mining (mica and marble), the manufacture of cellulose and paper, shipbuilding, fisheries, and timber.There are many mineral springs, and visitors come to Goryachinsk for the curative properties of the waters. A pulp and paper mill built on Lake Baikal’s southern shore in тисячу дев’ятсот шістьдесят шість drew strong environmental protests from Soviet scientists and writers because its wastes were polluting the water, and in 1971 the Soviet government adopted a decree to protect the lake from polluting emissions. Further pollution controls were resisted, however, and industrial waste at the site remained a concern in the late 1990s.90011 90002 The Limnological Institute of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences is located in the town of Listvyanka, as is the Baikal Sanatorium, and the hydrobiological station of Irkutsk State University is in Bolshiye Koty (Bolshoy Koti). The protection of natural resources in the area began with the establishment of the Barguzinsky Nature Reserve in 1916; subsequently there were added the Baikalsky (1969) and Baikalo-Lenskiy (1986) nature reserves, the Frolikhinskiy (1976) and Kabansky (1974) wildlife reserves, and the Zabaikalsky and Pribaikalsky national parks (both 1986).The Lake Baikal Coastal Protection Zone, covering the lake and its environs (a total of 34,000 square miles [88,000 square km]), was created in 1987, and the same area was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1996. 90011 Lake Baikal, southeastern Siberia, Russia. 90012 © Index Open 90013.90000 Chapter I. General characteristics of lake Baikal basin — English 90001 90002 1.1 Physical and geographical position 90003 90002 The transboundary basin of Lake Baikal is located on the boundary of North and Central Asia between 46º 28 ‘and 56º 42’ in the north-south direction and between 96º 52 ‘and 113º 50’ in the west-east direction. The longest stretch of the basin from south-west to north-east is 1470 km, from west to east it is 962 km, and its minimal length from west to east is 193 km.In the north, the basin is conterminous with the Lena river basin, bounded by the mountain range of Synnyr, Verkhneangarsk and Delun-Uransky. In the east, it is bounded by the Vitim uplands and the border is formed by the Ikatskiy mountain range. In the south-east, it borders the Amour river basin, where the water divide is constituted by the Yablonovy mountain range and is coextensive with the World watershed, separating surface waters of the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, extending into the Khentei Mountains ( World watershed).In the south, the basin is bounded by the inland drainage area of ​​North Mongolia, while its south-western border is the formed by the Khangai range (World watershed). In the west, it is conterminous with the upper stream of the Yenisei and Lena rivers. At this point, the watershed line is coextensive with the state border and the Khangarulsky range, traversing the Khamar-Daban Mountains and reaching the outlet of the Angara River along the shore of Lake Baikal, extending along the Primorski and Baikal ranges (pic.1.1.1). 90003 90002 90003 90002 Open full size 90003 90010 Pic. 1.1.1 Physical and geographical position of Lake Baikal 90003 90002 The territory of Lake Baikal is considerably elevated above sea level and is characterized with mid-mountain relief. The lowest elevation point is that of Lake Baikal — 456 m (Baltic system of altitude), and its highest point is Munku-Sardyk (3491 m). The land surface of the region is the ancient folded area, encompassing huge mountain ranges and vast, deep and in some cases isolated intermountain depressions.It is composed of ancient crystalline rocks, which are in some sections (predominantly in tectonic depressions) covered with a comparatively small (up to 0.5-2 km) layer of Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits. Regional tectonics structure exerts considerable influence on the formation of relief and the regime of surface and ground waters. The rift area is the major element of the basin, incorporating the northern, central and southern depressions, filled with water and constituting the single Baikal depression (pic.1.1.2). It is surrounded by mountain ranges, has a crescent-like form and stretches from the south-west to the north-east. The length of the lake is 636 km, and its width varies from 25 to 80 km. The average depth of the lake is 758 m, while its maximum depth is 1637 m. 90003 90002 90003 90010 Pic 1.1.2 Relief of Baikal depression 90003 90002 Flat surfaces on the territory of the basin can only be found in tectonic depressions and the valleys of big rivers, which can in turn be divided into two major types — intramountanous (depressions of Baikal type) and intermountanous (depressions of Trans-Baikalian type ) [1].The depressions of Baikal type (Baikal, Verkhneangarsk, Barguzin, and Khuvsgul), formed as a result of curved deformation of the earth crust, are comparatively deep and large in size. Their northern and north-western sides are usually steeper. The depressions are filled with Cenozoic sediments, accumulated under the conditions of crustal warping. It is for this reason that rivers, flowing across this territory, have well-shaped and broad flood plains. The most significant of them is the one of Lake Baikal as well as Verkneangarsk and Barguzin depressions.90003 90002 The depressions of Trans-Baikalian type have predominantly a tectonic and erosion-accumulative origin, while their number is more than 50 (Gusinoozerk, Ust-Selenginsk, Tugnui-Sukharisnk, Ivolginsko-Udinsk etc). They are surrounded by plateau mountains, which have at their base flattened and gently rugged foothills, separated by proluvian valleys. The submontane strips of the valleys embrace isolated mountains, low conic hills and small mountain groups. Some sections of the Selenga basin at the sabulous and sandy sites incorporate a dense network of ravines and are dominated by the eolian relief (dunes and deflation basins) (pic.1.1.3). 90003 90002 90003 90010 Pic. 1.1.3 Elements of eolian relief in Ivolginsk-Udinsk depression: ravines and deflation basins 90003 90002 Mid-level and high terrains in the Trans-Baikalian depressions are gone, low terrains are composed of gravel and sandy soil, while the terrain steps, cut by rivers, as well as subaerial deltas of tributaries and foothill shelves are composed of sandy and sabulous material. Trans-Baikalian depressions include the big fresh-water Lake Gusinoe — the third biggest lake in the basin in the center of Gusinoozersk depression, as well as the major rivers of the area (pic.1.1.4). 90003 90002 90003 90010 Pic. 1.1.4 Lake Gusinoe 90003 90002 Of special significance is Ust-Selenginsk depression, located in the tectonic downwarp area, protruded into the south-eastern shore of Baikal rift zone (pic. 1.1.5). It is characterized with active neotectonic processes. The depression is filled with a huge layer of loose sediments, while its ground waters are connected with Lake Baikal water by a hydraulic way at the depth of 200-250 m. 90003 90002 90003 90010 РIC.1.1.5 Ust-Selenginsk depression 90003 90002 According to the geographic zoning scheme of IG SB RAS, the northern part of Lake Baikal basin is situated on the territory of Baikal Dzhugdzhursky mountain-taiga area, the middle part — on the territory of South-Siberian mountain area and its southern part — on the territory of North-Mongolian semi-desert and grassland area [2]. The relief of the basin territory is constituted by the following geomorphological formations: 90003 90002 1. Baikal-Stanovoe uplands; 90003 90002 2.Selenga middle mountains; 90003 90002 3. Orkhon-Selenga middle mountains 90003 90002 4. Khentei-Chikoi uplands; 90003 90002 5. Lake Khuvsgul uplands; 90003 90002 6. Khangai uplands. 90003 90002 90053 Baikal-Stanovoe uplands 90054 incorporate those parts of the Siberian platform which are highly elevated and greatly dissected as a result of neotectonic movements. The heights of some mountain ranges range between 2000-2500 m, while the elevation of the depression bottom above sea level is 456 — 600 m.The highlands have significant traces of mountain-valley glaciation with the glacial forms of relief and a great number of lakes (pic. 1.1.6). 90003 90002 90003 90010 Pic. 1.1.6 Baikal-Stanovoe uplands (Landsat space image) 90003 90002 In the west, Baikal depression is bounded by the Primorsky range (with the heights ranging between 1100-1700 m), which does not have clear-cut water divide, but rather softly-shaped or flat peaks with incised valleys. To the north-east lies the heavily dissected Baikal range with mountain heights of 2000-2500 m.To the north, broadening in width to 80-100 km, it grows into the Ungdar highlands. Starting from the highlands, Verkhneangarski mountain range runs in the north-eastern direction (above 2000 m) (pic. 1.1.7) [3]. 90003 90002 90003 90010 Pic. 1.1.7 Verkhneangarski range 90003 90002 In the east, parallel to the northern part of Baikal depression, run the Barguzin and Ikatsky ranges, between which lie Barguzin depression. The Barguzin range is the highest one among the highlands in the region (the height of some peaks reaches 2500-2840 m).Its distinctive feature is a strongly pronounced asymmetry: its southeastern slopes end abruptly towards Barguzin depression, and northwestern slopes run gradually to Lake Baikal (pic. 1.1.8). 90003 90002 90003 90010 Pic. 1.1.8 Spurs of Barguzinsky range 90003 90002 Barguzin depression has the length of about 200 km, while its maximum width is 25-35 km. The bottom of the depression is characterized by a flat relief (with elevation of 470-600 m), at the foot of which runs a foothill terrace.90003 90002 The southern part of the range belongs to the zone of the specific Trans-Baikalian pine-larch (more rarely — birch) mountainous forest-steppes. The northern part of the upland is a typical mountain-taiga area. 90003 90002 The whole territory is a permafrost area. The southern part of the depression belongs to the zone of insular permafrost, while the northern (in particular the intermountain basins) — to the glaciation zone with the width of up to 120 m. The upland is characterized by increased tectonic activity and high seismicity.90003 90002 90053 Selenga middle mountains 90054 are a huge lowered area between the Khamar-Daban, Ulan-Burgasy and Khentei-Chikoi ranges and bounded by the water divide of the Selenga basin (pic. 1.1.9) [1]. The peneplainized Khamar-Daban is a relatively flat plateau with the elevation of up to 1500 m, has the direction from the south-west to the north-east. The more prominent elements are massive round-shaped tops, exceeding 2700 m above sea level. To the south lies the middle-mountain Minor Khamar-Daban with the heights below 1700-1800 m, being heavily dissected by the many tributaries of the Dzhida River.The Dzhida range, made up of mid-level mountains with the maximum elevation of 1612 m above sea level, extends in the west as far as the Selenga river valley. 90003 90002 90003 90010 Pic. 1.1.9 Selenga middle mountains (Landsat space image) 90003 90002 The relief of the territory incorporates a considerable number of open, isolated and half-isolated depressions of Trans-Baikalian type, alternating with vast flat-topped ranges slightly varied in height (1300-1800 m). The intermountain depressions of Trans-Baikalian type are comparatively shallow, stretching in the same direction as the mountain ranges.The bottom of the depressions is at about 550-700 m above sea level in the western and central parts, and 700-850 m in the eastern part. The elevation fluctuates within 500-900 m. The depressions are relatively small in size, but their total area is rather large (pic. 1.1.10). 90003 90002 90003 90010 Pic. 1.1.10 Tugnuy-Sukharinskaya depression 90003 90002 Since intermountain depressions are bounded by the Khamar-Daban in the west, and the Khentei-Chikoi range in the east, and are open to the south, they receive just a small amount of precipitation, while their snow cover is thin and is not always formed in the driest regions.90003 90002 The piedmont river fans, occupying a considerable part of the depressions ‘bottom, have in their western section steppe and dry-steppe environment, and in their eastern section — forest and steppe environment. The more widely distributed are dry sod grasslands on chestnut soil and less widely distributed — bunchgrass steppe as well as forb and grassland on leached chernozem. The grassland belt has the elevation of up to 900-1000 m, forest and grassland — from 900-1000 to 1200 m. The lowest belt of the vertical zonation is the grassland-forest of the Selenga delta.90003 90002 The bottoms and slopes of the depressions house dry pine forests. Considerable in size, the fluvial meadow plains and terraces as well as meadow-swamp plains are characterized by salination. The slopes of the ridges, facing south, are commonly covered by pine and pine-larch south-taiga forests, which include meadow-grassland plots — «uburs». The northern slopes are grown by larch taiga, while the upper sections of the slopes (at the elevation of 1400-1600 m) one can find larch-cedar and cedar taiga.The middle mountains of the Selenga are the most economically advanced region of Lake Baikal basin. 90003 90002 90053 Orkhon-Selenga middle mountains 90054 (Orkhon-Selenga erosion mountains) 90053 90054 occupy a transitory area of ​​the depression, located between the Khantai and Khentei-Chikoi mountains [4]. Territorially, this depression is coextensive with the heavily dissected basins of the Selenga and Orkhon rivers. The total length of the Orkhon-Selenga Mountains from east to west is about 1000 km, and its width — 300-350 km.This vast area consists for the most part of orographically branched and predominantly low mountains with unequal height. The area is dominated by low and narrow heavily flattened ridges and hills, separated by wide intermountain depressions and river valleys (pic. 1.1.11). 90003 90002 90003 90010 Pic. 1.1.11 Orkhon-Selenga middle mountains (Landsat space image) 90003 90002 The average height of the Orkhon-Selenga mountains is 1500-2000 m, and their maximum height is 2132 m (the Khantai range), while the bottom of depressions and valleys reaches the elevation of 800-1200 m.The landscape of low and heavily destructed mountains is dominated by the big range of the Khantai, Bulgan-Khan, Burin-Nuru and Burelyin-Nuru, with the heights up to 1600-2000 m. They occupy the extreme northeastern part of the Orkhon-Selenga mountains, adjacent to the Khentei range and extending in the same northeastern direction. The other part of the Orkhon-Selenga mountains, gravitating towards the Khangai range, is considerably lower in elevation and is composed of heavily dissected low-height massifs, ridges and mountains (pic.1.1.12). 90003 90002 90003 90010 Pic. 1.1.12 The Suvarga Khairkhan mountain, origin of the Orkhon River 90003 90002 90053 Khentei-Chikoi uplands 90054 are on the Russian-Mongolian border and, for the most part in north-eastern Mongolia, where the ranges and depressions do not have considerable length [4]. 90053 90054 Khentei-Chikoi uplands are typical low and flattened vault-like uphills with the barren relief on top of the vault (pic. 1.1.13). 90003 90002 90003 90010 Pic. 1.1.13 Khentei-Chikoi uplands (Landsat space image) 90003 90002 This area lacks the single pronounced orographic core, but instead has a zone of bald mountains which assume the functions of the orographic core.The latter takes up the most elevated central part of the highlands, located in the upstream of the Onon, Tuul, Iro, Kherlen and Menza rivers. The bare mountains and ridges are commonly huge and have round-shaped or flattened tops, while their slopes, round-shaped and asymmetric, are covered with stones (pic. 1.1.14). 90003 90002 90003 90010 Pic. 1.1.14 Khentei mountain range 90003 90002 Of particular interest is the fluvial network of the highlands. Even though the rivers, originating in the barren mountains, flow in different directions, but none of them flows beyond their realm to the south — drainless Central Asian basin.All of them flow either into the basin of the Arctic Ocean, or the basin of the Pacific Ocean. Apart from that, some of them form abrupt and characteristic meanders and loops close to the boundaries of the drainless basin (Tuul, Kherlen). The world water divide in Khentei is not always coextensive with the maximum relief elevation, being second to the local water divides and forming a sinuous line. 90003 90002 The area is dominated by mountain taiga. The lower sections of the hills are taken by larch forests with the underwood of Rhododendron dauricum.At the heights, exceeding 1200-1300 m, larch forests are supplanted by cedar and larch forests. Purely cedar forests are rare and found predominantly at upper edges of mountainous taiga and damp places. At the height of 1700-1800 m, the sparse forest and barren mountains come to the fore. The upper stream of the Chikoi River has separate sites, the formation of which has been facilitated by glaciers. The most elevated places may have snow fields. The highlands also have permafrost of the island type.90003 90002 90053 Lake Khuvsgul uplands 90054 form the southwestern node in the system of Baikal rift, ending without further visible extension [4]. The highlands protrude deeply into the mountain systems of Tuva and Eastern Sayans, forming a complex structural and orographic node, connecting their spurs with the spurs of the Khangai (pic. 1.1.15). 90003 90002 90003 90010 Pic. 1.1.15 Lake Khuvsgul uplands (Landsat space image) 90003 90002 Khuvsgul uplands are represented by a number of mountain ranges and intermountain depressions, occupied by the valley of the Uree-Gol River, Lake Khuvsgul depression and Darkhat depression.The position of these depressions and ranges is strictly conditioned by submeridional rift, cutting across the extension of the sublatitudinal formations of Khangai mountains. Lake Khuvsgul serves as the orographic center of the area (pic. 1.1.16). 90003 90002 90003 90010 Pic 1.1.16 Lake Khuvsgol 90003 90002 North of the lake runs the borer-area range of Munku-Sardyk, whose tops are permanently covered with snow and small modern glaciers. Along the western shore of lake Khuvsgol lie the huge and hard-to-access ranges of Bayan-Ula (3002 m) and Khardyl-Sardyk (3189 m), forming the boundary of the basin here.For the most part they exceed the elevation of 2000 m and have a relative elevation up to 500 m. Lake Khuvsgul rift area is the only mountainous area in Mongolia, which has a well pronounced Alpine relief (pic. 1.1.17). 90003 90002 90003 90010 Pic. 1.1.17 Top of Munku-Sardyk 90003 90002 The slopes of the ranges, facing Lake Khuvsgul (Bayan-Ula range) and Darkhad depression (Khardyl-Sardyk range), form high and steep stone benches with the relative high elevation of up to 500-1000 m over Lake Khuvsgul.The southern part of the area has a mid-mountain relief, characterized with relatively flat tops of dividing ranges, comparatively flat and smooth slopes and wide valleys. 90003 90002 90053 Khangai uplands 90054 are located in the southern part of the basin, forming the peculiar inland mountains of Mongolia. In the west, their slopes stop at the Great Lakes Depression, and in the south and the southeast at the Valley of the Lakes and the Central Gobi pereplain (pic. 1.1.18) [4]. The boundaries of the mountain area are clear-cut and distinct, conditioned by the deep faults of Dzabkhansky and Bayankhongorsky.The transition to valleys is marked either with benches, or the ridges of low mountains and hummocks, protruding deeply into their realm. 90003 90002 90003 90010 Pic. 1.1.18 Khangai mountains (Landsat space image) 90003 90002 The orographic core of the area is its main water divide range, which stretches in the northwestern direction for 700 km and is coextensive with the World water divide. It reaches the maximum elevation in the west, where there is the most powerful mountain plexus with the well-preserved ancient glacial relief.The largest of them is the mountain group of Otgon-Khairkhan-Nuru. Its top Otgon-Tenger, 4008 m high, permanently covered with snow, is the highest mountain of the Khangai (pic. 1.1.19). 90003 90002 90003 90010 Pic. 1.1.19 The Otgon Tenger Mountain, origin of the Ider River 90003 90002 The northern slope of the Khangai forms vast foothills, deeply indented with the dense river network. Apart from the washed-out and peneplainized spurs of the main range, the area abounds in closed lake depressions predominantly with small, and more rarely large water bodies, which imparts this indented and flattened area the character of lake plateau and lake peneplain.In the latitudinal direction it is traversed by the aforementioned asymmetric ranges of the Tarbagatai and Bolnai, which underwent a considerable elevation. 90003 .90000 National Parks and Nature Reserves of Baikal 90001 90002 People came to the understanding that it is necessary to actively protect nature from people themselves some time ago — way back in the 19th century. It can not be said that since then it has been possible to succeed perceptibly in this good work, but thanks to the conservation movement some relatively wild areas of the earth have been preserved. 90003 90002 Nature conservation organisations in the Lake Baikal basin are represented by nature reserves (zapovedniks), national parks and reserves (zakazniks).Below, I have tried to gather together some basic information on the protected territories adjacent to Baikal’s shores. The position and boundaries of these protected territories can be seen on the map. 90003 90002 There are three 90007 nature reserves 90008 (zapovedniks) immediately adjacent to Lake Baikal: 90003 90002 Two 90007 national parks 90008: 90003 90002 And six 90007 reserves 90008 (zakazniks): 90003 90002 All nature conservation organisations have a fee for visiting their territories.90003 90020 Nature Reserves of Baikal 90021 90002 Nature reserves are conservation organisations whose main task is to preserve the nature of their territory in its natural state. All nature reserves are protected territories with federal status. The presence of outsiders in nature reserves is not welcome and it is necessary to get a permit from its administration for passage through its territory. This should be seen to beforehand if possible. If this is not possible, it is necessary to get a permit at the reserve’s cordon but this is not always possible.For example, permits are not issued at the cordons of the Barguzinsky nature reserve. 90003 90024 The Barguzinsky Nature Reserve 90025 The Barguzinsky Nature Reserve. Tarkulik river. 90002 The Barguzinsky state biosphere nature reserve is one of the oldest of its kind in Russia. It was created with the aim of conserving the sable population. Its territory includes the nature reserve itself (2631 km 90027 2 90028) and biosphere buffer zone (1112 km 90027 2 90028). 90003 90002 The northern limits of the Barguzinsky nature reserve pass along the divide between the rivers Shegnanda and Irinda, while the southern boundary goes along the divide on the left bank of the river Shumilikhi, the eastern along the ridge of the main Barguzine range, and the western across the waters of Baikal itself three kilometers from the shoreline.The length of the Barguzinsky nature reserve along Baikal’s shores is some 100 kilometres. 90003 90002 The cordons of the Barguzinsky nature reserve are situated on Capes Shegnanda and Kabany, a kilometre to the north of the mouth of the river Bolshaya and in Sosnovka bay. 90003 90002 To pass through the nature reserve it is essential to get permission from the directorate and to learn where it is permitted to make camp from the nature reserve’s inspectors. In the buffer zone it is possible to make camp almost anywhere between the mouths of the rivers Shegnanda and Kabanya.Within the territory of the nature reserve itself, camps are permitted only in four places: at the mouth of the river Kabanya, or at the cordon a little to the south of the river mouth, at the cordon close to the mouth of the river Bolshaya , in the settlement of Davsha, and in Sosnovka bay. 90003 90038 90039 90040 90041 Date of foundation: 90042 90043 90044 90045 17th May 1916. 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Area: 90042 90043 90044 90045 3743 km 90027 2 90028.90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Geographical location: 90042 90043 90044 90045 The eastern shores of Lake Baikal, Republic of Buryatia, western slopes of the Barguzine mountain range. 90046 90043 90048 90071 90002 The nature reserve’s permanent on-site base is in the settlement of Davsha, while its scientific centre is in Ulan-Ude. The nature reserve’s Natural History Museum is in the settlement of Davsha. 90003 90024 The Baikalo-Lenskiy Nature Reserve 90025 The Baikalo-Lenskiy Nature Reserve.On cape Rytyi. 90002 The largest and youngest of Baikal’s nature reserves. To the north, the reserve is bounded by Cape Elokhin, in the south by the river Kheirem. Its length from Cape Elokhin to the river Kheirem is 110 kilometres. But not all the shoreline is included in the reserve — a 24 kilometre long section to the south of Cape Severny Kedrovy is not part of Baikalo-Lenskiy territory. 90003 90002 The Baikalo-Lenskiy nature reserve cordons are at Capes Elokhin, Pokoiniki and Kocherikovsky.90003 90038 90039 90040 90041 90041 Date of foundation: 90042 90042 90043 90044 90045 5th December 1986 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Area: 90042 90043 90044 90045 6600 km 90027 2 90028. 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Geographical location: 90042 90043 90044 90045 The western shores of Lake Baikal, Kachug and Olkhon districts of Irkutsk Oblast, southern part of the Baikalskiy mountain range.90046 90043 90048 90071 90024 The Baikalskiy Nature Reserve 90025 90002 The Baikalskiy Nature Reserve is the only Baikal reserve that does not extend to the shores of the lake; the northern boundary of the reserve is formed by the artificial barriers of the main road and the railway that extend along the shores of Lake Baikal. The eastern limits of the Baikalskiy reserve pass along the valley of the river Levaya Mishikha, while its western border passes through the valley of the river Vydrinaya.The reserve stretches some 60 kilometres adjacent to the shores of the lake. 90003 90002 The reserve was set up with the aim of conserving the unique nature of the Khamar-Daban mountain range, now, however, the impact of emissions from the Baikalsk pulp and paper mill on the reserve’s forests has to be studied. The reserve is surrounded by a buffer zone from 0.5 to 4 kilometres wide, covering some 348 km 90027 2 90028. 90003 90002 There is a Natural History Museum in the reserve. 90003 90038 90039 90040 90041 Date of foundation: 90042 90043 90044 90045 September тисячі дев’ятсот шістьдесят дев’ять.90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Area: 90042 90043 90044 90045 1657 km 90027 2 90028. 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Geographical location: 90042 90043 90044 90045 The south-eastern shores of Lake Baikal, Republic of Buryatia, central part of the Khamar-Daban mountain range. 90046 90043 90048 90071 90020 National Parks 90021 90002 National parks were set up with the aim of preserving natural complexes and sites having particular ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and to create the conditions for regular tourism and recreation.Like the nature reserves, national parks are specially protected territories of federal status. The territory of a national park can be divided into zones such as, for example, nature reserve, for recreational and educational tourism, visitor service centres, traditional land use, and resource status etc. It is important to note that in the nature reserve zone the level of protection is the same as for nature reserves. 90003 90024 Pribaikalskiy National Park 90025 Baikal’s shore. Pribaikalskiy National Park.90002 The Pribaikalskiy National Park occupies 450 kilometres of Baikal’s coastline from the southernmost end of the lake to the river Kheirem — the southern border of the Baikalo-Lenskiy nature reserve. The Island of Olkhon and all the islands of the Maloye Morye are also part of the national park. 90003 90168 90038 90039 90040 90041 Date of foundation: 90042 90043 90044 90045 13th February 1986. 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Area: 90042 90043 90044 90045 4183 km 90027 2 90028.90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Geographical location: 90042 90043 90044 90045 Western shores of Lake Baikal, Irkutsk, Olkhon, and Sliudyanskiy districts of Irkutsk Oblast, the south and south-eastern slopes of the Primorskiy mountain range. 90046 90043 90048 90071 90024 Zabaikalskiy National Park 90025 Zabaikalskiy National Park. Zmeinaya (snake) Bay. 90002 The Zabaikalskiy National Park is situated on the eastern shores of Lake Baikal adjacent to the southern borders of the Barguzinsky Nature Reserve.The southern boundary of the park is at the river Barguzine (the river itself is not part of park territory). The park was set up with the aim of preserving the nature of Zabaikalye, the haul-outs of the Baikal seal (nerpa) at the Ushkany islands and the waterfowl of lake Arangatui. 90003 90002 Apart from the shores of Baikal, the protected area includes the Ushkany island archipelago and 370 km 90027 2 90028 of the lake itself. Some 40% of the park has nature reserve status. This includes the area to the north of the river Bolshoi Chiverkui, the Ushkany islands, the islands of Chiverkuiskiy Bay, the area of ​​the Svyatoi Nos Peninsular to the north of Cape Zmeievy and to the south of Cape Osinovy.Apart from this, the part of Lake Baikal close to the Island of Baklany, along Ongokonskaya, Fertik and Molodost Bays. 90003 90002 The length of Zabaikalskiy National Park along Baikal’s shoreline is some 240 kilometres. 90003 90038 90039 90040 90041 Date of foundation: 90042 90043 90044 90045 12th September 1986. 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Area: 90042 90043 90044 90045 2691 km 90027 2 90028. 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Geographical location: 90042 90043 90044 90045 Eastern shores of Lake Baikal, Republic of Buryatia, Barguzinsky district, western slopes of the Barguzine mountain range.90046 90043 90048 90071 90020 Reserves 90021 90002 Reserves are areas with special significance for the conservation of natural complexes and maintenance of the ecological balance. Reserves can have federal or regional status. 90003 90024 Frolikhinskiy Reserve 90025 Frolikhinskiy Reserve. Khaman-Kit Cape. 90002 The Frolikhinskiy Reserve was set up with the aim of preserving wildlife populations and their breeding grounds. 90003 90002 The Reserve includes part of Lake Baikal’s shoreline from Cape Nemnyanka in the north to the river Shirildy in the south (some 45 kilometres of shoreline).90003 90168 90038 90039 90040 90041 Date of foundation: 90042 90043 90044 90045 5th January 1988. 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Status: 90042 90043 90044 90045 Federal. 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Area: 90042 90043 90044 90045 1090 km 90027 2 90028. 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Geographical location: 90042 90043 90044 90045 North-eastern shores of Lake Baikal, Republic of Buryatia.90046 90043 90048 90071 90024 Kabanskiy Reserve 90025 90002 The Kabanskiy Reserve is situated on the eastern shores of Lake Baikal in the delta of the river Selenga. It was created with the aim of preserving waterfowl and their habitat. The reserve has federal status and since 1985 has been a branch of the Baikalskiy Nature Reserve. Part of the Selenga delta, the territory of the reserve comes under the scope of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. 90003 90038 90039 90040 90041 Date of foundation: 90042 90043 90044 90045 1967.90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Status: 90042 90043 90044 90045 Federal. 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Area: 90042 90043 90044 90045 180 km 90027 2 90028. 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Geographical location: 90042 90043 90044 90045 Eastern shores of Lake Baikal, Republic of Buryatia, Kabanskiy district, delta of the river Selenga. 90046 90043 90048 90071 90024 Pribaikalskiy Reserve 90025 90002 The Pribaikalskiy Reserve was set up for the conservation and restoration of wildlife populations.90003 90038 90039 90040 90041 Date of foundation: 90042 90043 90044 90045 Status: 28th April 1981 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Status: 90042 90043 90044 90045 Regional. 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Area: 90042 90043 90044 90045 701 km 90027 2 90028. 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Geographical location: 90042 90043 90044 90045 Eastern shores of Lake Baikal, Republic of Buryatia, Pribaikalskiy district.90046 90043 90048 90071 90024 Stepnodvoretskiy Reserve 90025 90002 The reserve was established for the reproduction and conservation of the Siberian roe deer and other wildlife. 90003 90038 90039 90040 90041 Date of foundation: 90042 90043 90044 90045 1975. 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Status: 90042 90043 90044 90045 Regional. 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Area: 90042 90043 90044 90045 150 km 90046 90027 2 90028.90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Geographical location: 90042 90043 90044 90045 Eastern shores of Lake Baikal, Republic of Buryatia, Kabanskiy district. 90046 90043 90048 90071 90024 Verkhneangarskiy Reserve 90025 90002 This regional ornithological reserve was set up to protect waterfowl and their habitat. 90003 90038 90039 90040 90041 Date of foundation: 90042 90043 90044 90045 1979. 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Status: 90042 90043 90044 90045 Regional.90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Area: 90042 90043 90044 90045 245 km 90027 2 90028. 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Geographical location: 90042 90043 90044 90045 Northern shores of Lake Baikal, Republic of Buryatia, eastern part of the delta of the river Verkhnaya Angara. 90046 90043 90048 90071 90024 Enkhelukskiy Reserve 90025 90002 The reserve was established with the aim of conservation, breeding and restoration of wildlife of economic, scientific and cultural interest.90003 90038 90039 90040 90041 Date of foundation: 90042 90043 90044 90045 1995. 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Status: 90042 90043 90044 90045 Regional. 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Area: 90042 90043 90044 90045 123 km 90027 2 90028. 90046 90043 90048 90039 90040 90041 Geographical location: 90042 90043 90044 90045 Eastern shores of Lake Baikal, Republic of Buryatia, Kabanskiy district.90046 90043 90048 90071 .90000 Lake Baikal | russiangeography.com 90001 90002 Area 31 722 km 90003 2 90004 90005 Maximum depth: 1642 m. 90006 90002 90008 Lake Baikal — lake of tectonic origin in the southern part of Eastern Siberia, the deepest lake on the planet, the largest natural reservoir of fresh water. The lake and the coastal area features a unique variety of flora and fauna, most of the species are endemic. Local residents and many in Russia is traditionally called the Baikal sea. 90009 90006 90002 90012 Climate.90013 90006 90002 Water mass of Baikal influences the climate of the coastal territory. Winter here is mild and summer is cool. The coming of spring on lake Baikal is delayed for 10-15 days compared with surrounding areas, and autumn is often quite long. The Baikal area is a large total duration of sunshine. For example, in the village of Bolshoe Goloustnoe it comes to 2524 hours, which is more than the resorts on the black sea, and is a record for Russia. Days without sunshine a year in the same locality is only 37 and on Olkhon island — 48.Special features of the climate is conditioned Baikal winds, which have their own names — Barguzin, Sarma, Verkhovik, Kultuk. 90006 90002 90012 The origin of the lake. 90013 90006 90002 The origin of the Baikal still causes of scientific disputes. The age of the lake, scientists traditionally defined at 25-35 million years. This fact also makes the Baikal is a unique natural object, as most of the lakes, especially the glacial origin, live an average of 10-15 thousand years, and then filled with silt sediments and logged.However, there is also a version of the youth of Baikal, made by doctor of geological-mineralogical Sciences Century A. Tatarinov during 2009 which was an indirect confirmation during the second stage of expedition «Worlds» on Baikal. In particular, the activity of mud volcanoes on the bottom of Baikal allows scientists to assume that the modern shoreline of the lake, only 8 thousand years, and the deep-water part — 150 thousand years. Undoubtedly only that the lake is located in the rift trough and the structure is similar, for example, with a pool of Dead sea.Some researchers explain the formation of Baikal is its location in the area transform fault, others suggest the presence of under Baikal mantle plume, third explain the formation of hollows passive rifting the collision of the Eurasian plate and the Indian subcontinent. Be that as it may, the transformation of Baikal is still ongoing in the vicinity of the lake are constantly earthquakes. There are assumptions that the depression depression is associated with the formation of vacuum lesions due to the outpouring of basalts on the surface (the Quaternary period).90006 90002 90006 90002 90012 Seismic activity. 90013 90006 90002 The Baikal area (the so-called Baikal rift zone) refers to the territories with high seismicity: here regularly earthquakes, power greater part of which is one or two points on a scale of intensity MSK-64. But it does happen and strong; so, in тисячі вісімсот шістьдесят дві with the ten-grade Kudrinskay the earthquake in the Northern part of the Delta of the Selenga went under water, the land area of ​​200 km2 with 6 ulus, where lived 1,300 people and formed the Gulf of Failure.Strong earthquakes were registered in 1903 (Baikal), 1950 (Kondinskoe), 1957 (MUI), 1959 (Srednevyborgskoe). The epicenter Srednevyborgskoe of the earthquake was at the bottom of lake Baikal in the area of ​​the village is Dry (the South-East coast). The force of it was 9 points. In Ulan-Ude and Irkutsk power of the main impetus reached 5-6 points was observed cracks and minor fracture in buildings and constructions. The last strong earthquakes in the Baikal took place in August 2008 (9 points) and in February 2010 року (6,1 points).90006 90002 90012 The geographical position and the sizes of a basin. 90013 90006 90002 Lake Baikal is located in the centre of the Asian continent, on the border of Irkutsk region and Republic of Buryatia in the Russian Federation. It stretches from the North-East to South-West 620 km, giant Crescent. The width of the Baikal range from 24 to 79 km of the Baikal Bottom in 1167 metres below the ocean level, and mirror itOn water surface area Baikal ranks sixth among the largest lakes in the world.The length of the coastline — 2100 km of the Lake is situated in a valley, surrounded on all sides by mountain ranges and hills. While the West coast is rocky and steep terrain of the East coast is flatter (the mountains away from the shore tens of kilometers). 90006 90002 90006 90002 90012 Depths. 90013 90006 90002 Baikal — the deepest lake in the world. Present value of the maximum depth of the lake — тисяча шістсот сорок дві meters — was established in 1983 and LG Kolotilo AI Sulimova runtime hydrographic expedition GUNiO USSR Ministry of Defense at coordinates 53 ° 14’59 » s.sh. 108 ° 05’11 » to. d (G) (O). Maximum depth was mapped in 1992 and confirmed in 2002 as a result of the joint Belgian-Spanish-Russian project to build a new bathymetric map of Lake Baikal, where were digitized depth 1,312,788 points lake waters (depth values ​​were obtained by recalculating acoustic sensing data, combined with additional bathymetric information, including sonar and seismic profiling, one of the authors of the opening of the maximum depth, LG Kolotilo, was a participant in this project).If we consider that the water surface of the lake is located at an altitude of 455.5 meters above sea level, the lowest point of the basin lies at 1186.5 m below sea level, which makes the cup Baikal is also one of the deepest continental basins. The average depth of the lake is also very high — 744.4 sq. It exceeds the maximum depth of a number of very deep lakes. Also in the world Baikal Lake, only two have a depth of over 1000 meters: Tanganyika (1470 m) and the Caspian Sea (1025 m). (According to some reports the subglacial Lake Vostok in Antarctica has a depth of over 1200 meters, but we must remember that this subglacial «lake» is not a lake, in the sense that we are used as water over four kilometers of ice and it is a kind of a closed container where the water is under tremendous pressure, and «surface» or «level» of water in different parts of the ‘lake’ differs by more than 400 meters.Thus, the concept of «depth» to the subglacial Lake Vostok is radically different from the depth of the «ordinary» Lakes). 90006 90002 90006 90002 90012 Properties of water. 90013 90006 90002 Basic properties of the Baikal water can be briefly described as follows: there are very few of dissolved and suspended minerals negligible organic impurities, much oxygen. Cold water in the lake. The temperature of the surface layers, even in summer does not exceed +8 … + 9 ° C, in some bays — +15 ° C.Low deep layers — about +4 ° C. The maximum recorded temperature in some bays — +23 ° C. The lake water is so transparent that the individual stones and various objects are visible at a depth of 40 m at this time Baikal water is blue. In the summer and autumn, when the water in the warm sun develops weight of plant and animal organisms, its transparency is reduced to 8.10 m, and the color becomes blue-green and green. Clean and clear water of Lake Baikal contains so little mineral salts (96.7 mg / L) that can be used instead of distilled.90006 90002 90012 Bottom contour. 90013 90006 90002 Bottom of Lake Baikal has a distinct relief. All along the coast of Lake Baikal to a greater or lesser extent developed coastal shallows (shelves) and underwater slopes; expressed bed three major lake basins; there submarine banks and even underwater ridges. Baikal Basin is divided into three basins: South, Central and North, separated by two mountain ranges — Academic and Selenga. Academic most expressive range, stretching from Olkhon to Ushkani islands, which are its highest part.Its length is about 100 km, the maximum height above the bottom of Lake Baikal in тисячу вісімсот сорок вісім m thickness of sediment in the lake reaches about 6 thousand meters, and as set gravimetric survey, in the lake flooded some of the highest mountains in the world, height of more than 7000 m 90006 90002 90012 Climatic features. 90013 90006 90002 Baikal water mass influences the climate of the coastal territory. Winter here is milder and summer — cooler. The arrival of spring at Lake Baikal is delayed by 10-15 days compared to the surrounding areas, and the autumn is often quite long.Baikal region differs large total sunshine duration. For example, in the village of Big Goloustnoye it comes to 2524 hours, which is longer than the Black Sea resorts, and is a record for Russia. Free days of sunshine a year in the same village is only 37, and on the island of Olkhon — 48. Specific features of the climate caused Baikal winds, which have their own names — Barguzine, sarma, verkhovik, kultuk. 90006 90002 90006 90002 90012 Flora and fauna. 90013 90006 90002 According to the Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in the Baikal there are 2,630 species and varieties of plants and animals, two thirds of which are endemic, ie found only in this reservoir.These include about 1,000 endemic species, 96 genera, 11 families and subfamilies endemic. 27 species of fish of Lake Baikal are found nowhere else Such an abundance of living organisms due to the large oxygen content throughout the entire thickness of the Baikal water. Crustacean epishura — endemic Baikal — up to 80% of the zooplankton biomass lake and is an important link in the food chain of the pond. He serves as a filter: passes through a water purifying it. Baikal oligochaetes, 84.5% of which — endemics make up 70-90% of the biomass of zoobenthos and play an important role in the processes of self-purification of the lake, and as forage base benthophage fish and invertebrate prey.They participate in the aeration of soil and organic matter mineralization. 90006 90002 The most interesting in Baikal viviparous golomyanka whose body contains up to 30% fat. She surprised biologists daily feeding migrations from the depths of the shallow water. Of fish are found in the lake Baikal cisco, grayling, whitefish, Baikal sturgeon (Acipenser baeri baicalensis), eel, trout, pike and others. Baikal is unique among lakes that in deep freshwater sponges grow here. 90006 90002 90006 .